Inns-Lake-2019

Authors: Inns, A., Lake, C., Pellegrini, M., & Slavin, R..

Article: A synthesis of quantitative research on programs for struggling readers in elementary schools.

Publication: Submitted for Publication 2019

[Full Text]

This article reviews research on the outcomes of diverse reading approaches on the
achievement of struggling readers in elementary schools. 61 studies of 48 different programs met rigorous standards. 84% were randomized experiments and 16% quasi-experiments. Outcomes were positive for one-to-one tutoring and were positive but not as large for one-to-small group tutoring. There were no differences in outcomes between teachers and teaching assistants as tutors. Whole-class approaches (mostly cooperative learning) and whole-school approaches incorporating tutoring obtained outcomes for struggling readers as large as those found for one-to-one tutoring, and benefitted many more students. Technology-supported adaptive instruction did not have positive outcomes, however. The article concludes that approaches mixing classroom and school improvements with tutoring for the most at-risk students have the greatest potential for the largest numbers of struggling readers.

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